[This article was first published in the June, 2006, issue of
Larry's Final Cut Pro Newsletter. Click here to subscribe. Updated February 2009]

This technique grew out of a comment from Diane Thompson, who wrote:

[Would you] explain the sequence settings in the GENERAL tab? I have been unable to find a description of each of the compressors with info about its pros and cons or best use so that I can make a decision which is best. (By the way, I really really appreciated last month's video processing tab discussion!)

Diane, email flame-throwing contests have started from much more innocent requests, but, what the heck, things are quiet at the moment. This is not an exhaustive discussion, as there are dozens and dozens of codecs with more sprouting up every day. However, I can help you understand what a codec does and how to choose one that will work for you.

Also, capture card developers, such as Blackmagic Design and AJA, and camera manufacturers, such as Panasonic and Sony, often create their own codecs to take advantage of special technology built into their equipment. This article will not cover those special codecs.

But, even with those restrictions, there's still lots to talk about. And I'll start with some background.

All Video is Compressed

All video that we shoot on tape or watch on TV is compressed. This has been true since the beginning of time -- or, well, the beginning of video at least.

Some video, like DV or HDV, is significantly compressed in a number of ways. Other video, like DigiBetacam is compressed less.

The reason for all this compression is that video files are HUGE and engineers are always looking for ways to make them smaller without sacrificing too much quality. That's where codecs (short for: COmpressor/DECompressor) come in. A codec provides specific instructions on how to compress video to reduce it's size, then decompress it to "full quality" for playback.

There are four principal goals to consider when choosing a codec:

1. The size of the compressed file
2. The speed of compression
3. The speed of decompression
4. The quality of the final image

For instance, if you are posting a file to the Internet, the size of the file and the speed of decompression are more important than how long it takes to compress the file in the first place or the quality of the final image. That is not to say these last two are unimportant, just less important.

On the other hand, if you are streaming a live event, the speed of compression is most important, because if you can't compress faster than real-time, no one will be able to watch the event.

As a third example, for a network television program, the speed of decompression and the quality of the final image are of paramount importance.

One last example, codecs are not just for moving images. BMP, PNG, TGA and TIFF are special codecs used to save and restore still images. They are designed to provide the highest image quality, but don't compress or decompress image sequences in real-time.

As a sidelight, codecs are often divided into "lossy" and "lossless." A lossless codec preserves all the original image quality so that when an image is restored it is indistinguishable from the original. TIFF and PNG are examples of a lossless codec.

A lossy codec "throws out" visual information as part of the compression process, which means that the compressed image does not have the original quality of the source. All video codecs are lossy.

No one codec provides the best of all four of these criteria. Each codec concentrates on maximizing one or two of the four. There is no such thing as a "perfect" codec, as different codecs were created to meet different criteria.

So Many Codecs, So Little Time

You've learned why there are so many codecs, however, Final Cut in some ways, makes selecting a codec even worse.

Final Cut started life as a QuickTime editor, the same way that Adobe Illustrator started life as a PostScript editor. Both rapidly evolved into something much more, but neither forgot their roots.

Final Cut supports all the codecs that QuickTime ever supported. And QuickTime supports all (or virtually all) its old codecs so that you can always play a QuickTime movie, no matter how old it is.

Examples of less used (and notice I did not say "unnecessary") codecs include:

• Cinepak
• Component Video
• Graphics
• Apple Intermediate Codec
• Apple Pixlet Video
• Planar RGB
• VC H.263
• Video
• Sorenson Video (but not Sorenson Video 3)

Now, before everyone starts shooting off emails, let me stress that for some applications in certain situations even these codecs can be indispensable. However, for general everyday video use, you may feel comfortable ignoring them.

Just for the record, not all codecs that Final Cut supports are for full-screen video. I've already mentioned graphics codecs like TIFF, PNG, BMP, and TGA.

There are also a lot of codecs specifically for the web. Web codecs are designed to reduce file size and decompress quickly, however, they take longer than real-time to compress:

• H.261
• MPEG-4
• VC H.263
• H.263
• H.264
• Sorenson Video 3
• Sorenson Video

Choosing a Video Codec

As you are starting to see, the list of codecs we can use for video (fast compression and fast decompression) is starting to dwindle.

• The first, and best, rule to keep in mind when choosing a video codec is to select the codec that matches the format of the video you are editing. Thus, if you are shooting NTSC DV, the DV/DVCPRO - NTSC codec is the best one to choose. (Outside the US, use the DV - PAL codec with your PAL DV video.)
  
  
• The second rule is if you are selecting a codec to integrate multiple video formats choose the codec that provides the highest quality.
  
  
• The third rule is to select your codec based upon your final output format.

These rules are made to be broken. However, before you start breaking rules willy-nilly, you should probably get a better understanding of what the impact is of selecting a specific codec.

In general, image quality increases with file size. As file size increases, you need bigger and faster hard disks; at some point, the files are so big they can't be played from an external FireWire drive.

Here's a table that ranks codecs from higher quality to lower for SD video. The rules are the same for HD, but the files are bigger. Data rates and storage for NTSC and PAL are essentially equivalent.

* The Animation codec supports video, but is not generally used for real-time playback.

Then there are specialized codecs that significantly compress video for off-line, low-resolution work that would not be used in the final version of the program:

• Offline RT
• Motion JPEG A
• Motion JPEG B
• Photo-JPEG
• JPEG 2000

Choosing an HD codec

High-def (HD), in many ways, is less flexible than Standard-def. Here, you really need to choose a codec that matches the format of your camera.

Additionally, having a high-quality capture card is essential to support the higher-end HD formats. Also, increasingly, many camera manufacturers are creating proprietary formats which makes it very difficult to convert video from one format to another -- the Sony XD/CAM series comes instantly to mind.

Conclusion

While there seem to be a lot of codecs to choose from, you can simplify your life by matching the codec to your video format. And don't worry if you aren't using lots of different codecs -- most editors only work with a very few.

UPDATE - February, 2009

Rich Roddman, of CMR Studios, writes:

I have been doing a lot of web video that the is shot on green screen. I bring the files into Final Cut as Pro Res media @ 1920 x 1080. My final output will be 640 x 480. (I use the 1080 so I can adjust the size for wide shot to close ups and anywhere in between as needed) If I have my master timeline (Square pixels & Progressive) at 720 x 480 I can playback with an orange bar, but if I make the timeline 640 x 480 in get a red line and need to render to see anything. I don't understand why the aspect ratio set at NTSC (4:3) causes a full render to be needed but NTSC DV (3:2) can playback?

Larry replies: Rich, my guess is that this is because 720 x 480 is a video format designed for real-time playback inside Final Cut, while 640 x 480 is a video format designed for the web that can be played back only after compression is complete.

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MORE PLAYBACK PROBLEMS

Derek Casari, of Fox Post, writes:

My question involves 1920 x 1080 resolutions. I had a couple of test clips made for me:

Here’s the deal. Only one file played back without motion artifacts when imported into just ProTools. That was the Apple Photo JPG at 170 mb/s. The other Apple Photo JPG at the higher data rate and the H.264 both showed artifacts. All of these were 24 fps and 1920 x 1080. I’m thinking that the data rates are the issue and maybe I’ll just have to empirically create a number of files to find one that plays back without problems, which seem to be temporal aliasing. BTW, is Apple Photo JPGA different than regular photo JPGA? I’m trying to avoid the GOP codecs because of the issues they have with sync and frame boundaries. Any suggestions on a codec AND data rate for playback of a QT movie imported into Protools at 1920 x 1080 would be a big help.

Larry replies: Derek, it depends upon how your video was shot.

Motion JPEG-A is designed to work with interlaced footage.

Photo-JPEG is designed to work with progressive images.

Both have a reasonably small data-rate, yet are easy to uncompress without taxing the playback system. This is critical because you want your computer to spend its time running ProTools, not in decoding compressed video.

H.264 uses GOP compression and requires serious computer horse-power to decode.

Larry Jordan is a post-production consultant and an Apple-Certified Trainer in Digital Media with over 25 years experience as producer, director and editor with network, local and corporate credits. Based in Los Angeles, he's a member of both the Directors Guild of America and the Producers Guild of America.

The information in this article is believed to be accurate at the time of publication. However, the author assumes no liability in case things go wrong. Please use your best judgment in applying these suggestions.

The opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the author. This newsletter has not been reviewed or sanctioned by Apple or any other third party. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are mentioned here for editorial purposes only.

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